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Taxa 4
NUCLIDES
| Multicore objects manufactured in stars from numbers of nucleons. |
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WORK IN PROGRESS
- Atomic Physics the study of the
behaviour, properties, and structure of atoms including their electron
configurations, energy levels, and interactions with electromagnetic
radiation.
- Nuclear Physics the study
of the structure, properties, and interactions of atomic nuclei,
exploring binding forces, nuclear reactions and decay processes.
TERMINOLOGY
- Atom an atomic nucleus of nucleons surrounded by an electron cloud.
- Nuclide an atomic nucleus typified by the number of its protons and the number of its nucleons (see "isotope" below).
- Element (currently) 118 types of atoms each typified by the number of protons in the nucleus.
- Isotope
an element typified by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- Ion
an atom with the same number of protons and electrons.
- Anion an atom with more electrons than protons.
- Cation an atom with fewer electrons than protons.
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THE PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
- is a static taxonomy that demonstrates relationships between elements and allows behavioural predictions.
- is a tabular
arrangement of chemical elements organised by their atomic number,
electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties
- is a table of rows (periods) and columns (groups).
PERIODS
- each period has distinct electron shell arrangements and energy level variations.
- Period 1: hydrogen and helium.
- Period 2: lithium to neon.
- Period 3: sodium to argon.
- Period 4: potassium to krypton.
- Period 5: rubidium to xenon.
- Period 6: cesium to radon.
- Period 7: francium to oganesson.
GROUPS
- each group has distinct chemical properties due to similar electron configurations.
- Group 1: alkali metals.
- Group 2: alkaline earth metals.
- Groups 3 to 12: transition metals.
- Group 13: boron group.
- Group 14: carbon group
- Group 15: nitrogen group.
- Group 16: oxygen group.
- Group 17: halogens.
- Group 18: noble gases.
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NUCLIDES (taxa 4)
- where the nuclide's gravitysheath abuts the gravitysheaths of adjacent objects.
PRIMALNUCLIDES (taxon 4.1)
- manufactured objects increase gravitymass as tralphium understability increases.
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LITHICNUCLIDES (taxon 4.2)
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FERRICNUCLIDES (taxon 4.3)
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ATOMS
Paradigm
- are the smallest unit of ordinary matter that retains the properties of a chemical element.
- combine to form molecules and participate in chemical reactions.
- serve as the fundamental units of chemistry and matter.
- are a nucleus of one or more nucleons surrounded by one or more electrons.
- nucleus has one or more protons.
- nucleus protons have positive charge.
- nucleus has one or more neutrons (except Hydrogen-1 which has no neutrons).
- nucleus neutrons are neutral.
- electrons orbit the nucleus in
energy levels called electron shells.
- electrons have negative charge.
Corephysics
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HYDROGENS
Paradigm
- are a single proton with one or more electrons.
- are the lightest chemical element in the Universe.
- are the most abundant chemical element in the Universe.
- are roughly 75% of the Universe's elemental mass.
- are a colourless, odourless, and tasteless gas at room temperature.
- are highly reactive and compound with other elements.
- are found as dihydrogen where conditions favour molecular formation.
Corephysics
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PRECTROSPHERES
Paradigm
- equate to "electron clouds".
- are the regions areound an atomic nucleus where electrons are likely to be found.
- are organised by energy levels.
- are further divided into subshells which define the spacial distribution of the electrons.
- are filled by electrons in order of increasing energy with the lowest energy level being closest to the nucleus.
- determine an atom's chemical properties and bonding behaviour.
- within the clouds electrons move
probabilistically.
Corephysics
- being able to reside depends on (1) a prectron not achieving escapevelocity and (2) there being available space in the prectrosphere.
- available
space depends on (1) number of prectrons already resident, (2)
gravitymass of the nuclide nucleus, and (3) the understability degree of the
nuclide.
- primary
strongforce is mutual gravitypull between a prectron and the nuclide nucleus countered by mutual masspush between the prectron teelosphere and the nuclide teelosphere.
- secondary
strongforce is the mutual gravitypull between adjacent prectrons
countered by the mutual masspush of adjacent prectron teelospheres.
- solidbonded prectrospheres move around the nuclide nucleus as a piece as conditions dictate.
- prectron
teelospheres are chaotic so a solidbonded prectrosphere
is strongly repellent and thus (1) a protective shield and (2)
a neutraliser of the axiality of a nuclide's outer teelosphere.
- the number of resident prectrons varies as conditions dictate.
- the
number of resident prectrons needed to neutralise a
nuclide's outer teelosphere depends on the volume and gravitymass of the
nuclide's nucleus.
- a nuclide having fewer resident prectrons than are needed to neutralise its axiality is a cation.
- a nuclide having exactly the number needed is an ion.
- a nuclide having more than the number needed is an anion.
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PHOTON EMISSION
Paradigm
- atoms emit photons which are created by electron
transitions, electron collisions, spontaneous emission, stimulated
emission, etc.
- an emitted photon's wavelength is determined
by energy differences between electron energy levels and the
atom's
electronic structure resulting in distinct spectral lines unique to
each type of atom enabling their identification and characterisation.
Corephysics
- Rule of thumb: the more protons a nuclide contains the wider the wavelength range of the emitted photons.
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NUCLEON CREATION
Paradigm
- Nucleons (protons and neutrons) are the building blocks for the
elements.
- They are believed to have been created by Big Bang
nucleosynthesis around 13 billion years ago when the extreme heat and
energy allowed the formation of protons and neutrons from quarks.
- As
the Universe cooled protons and neutrons combined to form hydrogens and
heliums.
Corephysics
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NUCLEUS STRUCTURE
Paradigm
- A nuclide nucleus is protons and neutrons bound
together by the strong nuclear force.
- Scattering experiments suggest
they are in constant motion and not in fixed positions.
Corephysics
- the teelstream systems of the nuclide.
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NUCLIDE SPIN
Paradigm
- Atoms do not spin in the classical
sense.
- They have intrinsic spin due to the spin of their constituent
particles although the spin doesn't arise from the particle
spinning like a top but from the mathematics of quantum mechanics.
Corephysics
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© 2024 - Ed Winchester / Sian Winchester
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SUPERCEDED MATTER
Notes on the structure of nuclides:
- nuclides are two or more strongforced nucleons.
- strongforcing is the mutual gravitypull of the nucleon nucleuses countered by the mutual masspushes of the nucleon teelstreams.
- the masspushing nucleon teelstreams are (probably) teeloceans.
- the teelocean streams are driven (ultimately) by the spins of the nucleon quarks.
- the configuration of the nucleons within a nuclide is not fixed.
- the configuration is that of least stress.
- the
configuration can alter because the nucleons "float" on each
others teeloceans and are thus able to slide from one position to
another.
- "float"
does not mean that each teelocean is distinct. Within each nucleons
gravitysheath, the teelocean is its own but the nucleons are engorged
and thus understable. There is a constant interchange of teels from one
gravitysheath to another. The teeloceans are perhaps best seen as the
teelocean of the nuclide within and through which a complex of
teelstream systems is in constant motion.
- the least stressful configuration is dictated by the teelocean teelstreams.
- the teelstreams of protons are axial and those of neutrons are centrifugal.
- because
the nucleons in a nuclide are engorged, each is continually absorbing
and ejecting teels, the protons ejecting at their northpoles and the
neutrons ejecting at their equators.
- the
engorgement of the nucleons overrides their possession of their own
teeloceans which flow in between the nucleon nucleuses to be the
nuclide teelocean stream system.
- for any given number of nucleons in a nuclide there is a pattern to the nuclide teelocean system that is least stressful.
- the least stressful teelocean system requires the "floating" nucleons to adopt their own least stressful configuration.
- the nucleon configuration is also nucleon type specific.
- protons will transmute to neutrons and neutrons will transmute to protons as necessary to minimise the teelocean stress.
- NB:
further consideration to be given to whether, in larger nuclides, the
least stressful configuration requires forming the nucleons into
heliums.
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| TAXON 4.1 - PRIMALNUCLIDES |
| TAXON 4.2 - LITHICNUCLIDES |
| TAXON 4.3 - FERRICNUCLIDES |
- Ferricnuclides are manufactured in star nucleuses.
- Ferricnuclides are manufactured by fusion of stripped nucleons / stripped heliums to cationised nuclides.
- Ferricnuclide fusions absorb more gravitymassvelocity than is ejected.
- Ferricnuclides are elements iron to oganesson.
- Ferricnuclides are elementnumbers 26 to 118.
- Elementnumbers 26 to 82 are whiteferric nuclides.
- Elementnumbers 83 to 118 are blackferric nuclides.
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Nuclides =
A nuclide is a nuclidic nucleus inside a teelosphere =Nuclide manufacture is by the fusing of nucleons =Nuclides taxa is divided into taxons =- Taxon =
- Shares significant characteristics with the other taxons in its taxa.
- Has characteristics significantly different from the other taxons in its taxa.
- Nuclide taxons are =
Nuclide taxons are ranges of elements =- Elements =
- (currently) Ninety three elements =
Nuclide elements are ranges of isotopes =Nuclide isotopes are stable or understable =Understable isotopes undergo a range of decay types =- Decay =
- Transmuting an isotope to another isotope and/or element type =
- Decay type undergone depends on isotope type.
Nuclide nomenclature =
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