THE MALTA COSMOLOGY TEMPLATE

Chapter 07 - Electrons

PARTS

Electrons Selfproofs

SELFPROOF 0703 - MUONS AND TAUONS

• MUON:     The muon is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 e and a spin of 1/2, but with a much greater mass. It is classified as a lepton. As is the case with other leptons, the muon is not believed to have any sub-structure—that is, it is not thought to be composed of any simpler particles. The muon is an unstable subatomic particle with a mean lifetime of 2.2 µs, much longer than many other subatomic particles. As with the decay of the non-elementary neutron (with a lifetime around 15 minutes), muon decay is slow (by "subatomic standards") because the decay is mediated by the weak interaction exclusively (rather than the more powerful strong interaction or electromagnetic interaction), and because the mass difference between the muon and the set of its decay products is small, providing few kinetic degrees of freedom for decay. Muon decay almost always produces at least three particles, which must include an electron of the same charge as the muon and two neutrinos of different types. (Wikipedia - 09 Jan 2017)

• COSMIC RADIATION:     Of primary cosmic rays, which originate outside of Earth's atmosphere, about 99% are the nuclei (stripped of their electron shells) of well-known atoms, and about 1% are solitary electrons (similar to beta particles). Of the nuclei, about 90% are simple protons, i. e. hydrogen nuclei; 9% are alpha particles, identical to helium nuclei, and 1% are the nuclei of heavier elements, called HZE ions.     .....     When cosmic rays enter the Earth's atmosphere they collide with atoms and molecules, mainly oxygen and nitrogen. The interaction produces a cascade of lighter particles, a so-called air shower secondary radiation that rains down, including x-rays, muons, protons, alpha particles, pions, electrons, and neutrons. All of the produced particles stay within about one degree of the primary particle's path. (Wikipedia - 09 Jan 2017)

• MUON CREATION:     When a cosmic ray proton impacts atomic nuclei in the upper atmosphere, pions are created. These decay within a relatively short distance (meters) into muons (their preferred decay product), and muon neutrinos. The muons from these high energy cosmic rays generally continue in about the same direction as the original proton, at a velocity near the speed of light. Although their lifetime without relativistic effects would allow a half-survival distance of only about 456 m (2,197 µs×ln(2) × 0,9997×c) at most (as seen from Earth) the time dilation effect of special relativity (from the viewpoint of the Earth) allows cosmic ray secondary muons to survive the flight to the Earth's surface, since in the Earth frame, the muons have a longer half life due to their velocity. From the viewpoint (inertial frame) of the muon, on the other hand, it is the length contraction effect of special relativity which allows this penetration, since in the muon frame, its lifetime is unaffected, but the length contraction causes distances through the atmosphere and Earth to be far shorter than these distances in the Earth rest-frame. Both effects are equally valid ways of explaining the fast muon's unusual survival over distances.  (Wikipedia - 09 Jan 2017) 

• PION:     The pion is any of three subatomic particles: π0, π+, and π−. Each pion consists of a quark and an antiquark and is therefore a meson. Pions are the lightest mesons because they are composed of the lightest quarks (the u and d quarks). They are unstable, with the charged pions decaying with a mean lifetime of 26 nanoseconds (2.6×10⁻⁸ seconds), and the neutral pion decaying with a much shorter lifetime of 8.4×10⁻¹⁷ seconds. Charged pions most often decay into muons and muon neutrinos, while neutral pions generally decay into gamma rays.  (Wikipedia - 09 Jan 2017)

• 0704-04:     That an electron aligns itself  with the direction of the surrounding gravitonstream so that the northpole faces the oncoming stream.
• 0704-05:     That an antielectron is an electron which has yet to align its northpole to face the oncoming gravitonstream. 
  

• The Earth atmosphere is constantly bombarded by high energy cosmic radiation. 
• Approximately 90% of the cosmic radiation consists of ionised protons.  

• Approximately 78% of the Earth atmosphere is nitrogen (14 nucleons) and 20% is oxygen (16 nucleons).
• Most of the nitrogen is as N₂ dinitrogen, consisting of two nitrogens.
• Most of the oxygen is as 0₂ dioxygen, consisting of two oxygens. 

• Many of the protons entering the Earth atmosphere collide with dinitrogens and dioxygens. 
• Resulting from the collisions, pions are formed.
• All the pions stay within about one degree of proton's original path.
• The pions are in three forms:  π0, π+, and π−.
• Pions consist of two quarks.
• Pions are unstable and decay rapidly.
• Charged pions decay into muons and muon neutrinos.
• Neutral pions decay into gamma photons. 

• Muons are believed to be without structure.
• Muons are unstable and decay.
• Muon decay is slower than expected, the slowness being attributed to relativistic effects.
• Muons decay to an electron and two neutrinos.
• Some muon decay results in additional particles.

•  Planet Earth is surrounded by a gravitonosphere which may or may not extend out to the planet's gravitysheath interface.
• Planet Earth's gravitonosphere is a structure of gravitonstreams.

• Electrons/antielectrons consists of an axial quark and a centrifugal quark held together by their mutual gravitypull and held apart by the rejectivity of their gravitonospheres.
• An electron is oriented so that its northpole faces the oncoming gravitonstream.
• An antielectron is disoriented. 
• Electrons/antielectrons are surrounded by substantial electrospheres.
• Electrons/antielectrons are axially structured so their outer electrosphere flows from the northpole to the southpole.
• Understable electrons/antielectrons eject gravitons at the southpole "throat" in order to stabilise.
• Severely understable electrons/antielectrons form and eject neutrinos at the southpole throat. 

• There are two types of nucleon:  neutron and proton.
• A proton consists of two axial quarks and one centrifugal quark.
• A neutron consists of two centrifugal quarks and one axial quark.
• Nucleons are surrounded by a substantial nucleosphere.

• The nucleus of a nitrogen consists of 14 nucleons.
• The 14 nuclei are 7 protons and 7 neutrons held together by their mutual gravitypull and held apart by the rejectivity of their nucleospheres. 
• Relative to the size of the nucleons, the distance between them is substantial.
• The 14 nucleons are configured as a structure of subnuclei. 
• The subnuclei are held together by their mutual gravitypull and held apart by the rejectivity of their nucleospheres
• The simplest subnuclei structure of a nitrogen is three heliums and one deuterium but other structures are possible and likely.
• Relative to the size of the subnuclei, the distance between them is substantial.
• A nitrogen is surrounded by a substantial chemosphere.
• A dinitrogen consists of two nitrogens held together by their mutual gravitypull and held apart by the rejectivity of their chemospheres.
• Relative to the size of the nitrogens, the space between them is substantial.

• The nucleons of an oxygen are grouped into a subatom structure.
• The simplest subatom structure of an oxygen is four heliums but other structures are possible and likely.
• An oxygen is surrounded by a substantial chemosphere.
• A dioxygen consists of two oxygens held together by their mutual gravitypull and held apart by the rejectivity of their chemospheres. 

• The mass of a dinitrogen is roughly 28 times that of a proton and is commensurately larger.
• A nucleon is surrounded by a rejective nucleosphere and a nucleus is surrounded by a rejective chemosphere.
• A cosmic proton enters a dinitrogen in the outer Earth atmosphere at high speed.
• The subsequent course and consequence depends on the entry point and on the intereaction of the nucleospheres and chemospheres.
• When a cosmic proton collides with a dinitrogen, a pion is commonly produced.
• If a pion is produced, it commonly exits the dinitrogen within 1 degree of the proton's entry path.
• With this in mind, there are these options:

• The proton impacts a subnucleus and is understabilised to dissipation with the debris being absorbed by the subnucleus - the subnucleus is now understabilised and restabilises by emitting a pion. 

• In stabilising, the stabilisation products of a nucleus are ordinarily gravitons, photons, and electrons. 
• Many of the stabilisation products emitted by a nucleus are actually emitted by its nucleons.
• The direction in which a nucleus emits its stabilisation products depends upon the orientation of its stabisation throats - of which it can have more than one. 
• In the event that pions are produced, they have to negotiate their exit from a nucleon and then from the nucleus - a complication
• In the event that pions are produced this way, the likelihood of almost all exiting the dinitrogen within 1 degree of the proton entry path are small.

• The proton is understabilised to dissipation by the chromosphere with the debris being absorbed by the dinitrogen - the dinitrogen is now understabilised and restabilises by emitting a pion. 

• This option requires the pion to be created in the stabilisation throat of the dinitrogen.
• Given the configurations possible for the two nitrogens, any throat will be between the two if the dinitrogen is uncharged and at the southpole if it is charged.
• Given the limited throat possibilities, the consistency of any stabilisation product would be assured. 
• Given the relatively high mass of a pion, creation in the dinitrogen itself rather than in one or other of its nuclei seems more likely.
• The proton can enter the dinitrogen's chemosphere anywhere but the resulting pion will exit through the stabilisation throat. Since the exit will not necessarily be within 1 degree of the proton entry path, this option seems less likely for the creation of pions but remains a possibility for the creation of other stabilisation products. 

• The proton passes through one of the dinitrogen nuclei and between its subnuclei, being understabilised and thus shedding mass and energy as it does so - being reduced to a pion as it exits the dinitrogen.

• This option requires the understabised proton to pass through the nucleus much as a pinball does on a pinball table. The course and the length of the proton's path through the nucleus, together with the direction of its exit, depends on its angle and speed of entry.
• Overall there are too many variables here to consistently produce a pion of a given mass.
• In the event that pions are produced in this way, the likelihood of almost all exiting the dinitrogen within 1 degree of the proton entry path are small.

• The proton passes between the nitrogens being understabilised as it does so - in attempting to stabilise the proton sheds mass becoming a pion as it exits the dinitrogen.

• The proton is surrounded by a rejective nucleosphere and the nitrogens are surrounded by rejective chemospheres. It is possible that the proton can enter the dinitrogen anywhere within a quite large footprint and be directed to go between the two nitrogens by their gravitonflows.  
• In the event that the proton doesn't strike the dinitrogen within the footprint, it is either absorbed or deflected. 

• Of these options, no instances are yet detected of nucleons exiting a dinetrogen intact after a direct collision with one of the nuclei.

• A nitrogen atom consists of The mass of an ionised proton is approximately 28 times less than that of a dinitrogen although the .

• The proton consists of two axial quarks and one centrifugal quark. 
• The nitrogen consists of 7 protons (each having two axial and one centrifugal quarks) and 7 neutrons (each having one axial and two centrifugal quarks).
• The proton crashes into the nitrogen at high speed.
• The differential addition of energy and mass to the nitrogen raises its vergence velocity more than its escape velocity, making it understable. 
• The proton passes through the nitrogen, moving at high speed between the protons and nutrons to emerge on the other side. 
• While with the nitrogen, the proton absorbs gravitons, raising raises its vergence velocity more than its escape velocity, and becomes understable. 
• The understable proton moves toward stabilisation by ejecting one of the axial quarks.
• The released axial quark is understable and promptly becomes centrifugally structured. 
• The released quark rapidly and differentially sheds mass and energy, either to be absorbed by the nitrogen or to escape from it as a neutrino or a photon. 
• The remaining quarks are also now understable and decay to become a pion.
• The pion has an electron structure but is substantially more massive (whether the result is a pion or an antipion depends on which axial quark was ejected because the axial quarks in a proton spin contrarily).